Environment: Introduction to Ecology
Relevant for UPSC Prelims & Mains Examination
Introduction to Ecology: Ecology is the study of the relationship between living organisms and their environment. It plays a crucial role in understanding the distribution and abundance of organisms, the functioning of ecosystems, and the impact of human activities on the natural world. Studying ecology is essential for sustainable management of natural resources and conservation of biodiversity.
History of Ecology: Ecology is the study of the relationship between organisms and their environment. Ernst Haeckel coined the term in 1866. Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace’s work on evolution and natural selection laid the foundation for modern ecology. Arthur Tansley introduced the concept of an ecosystem in the 1920s. Ecology is an interdisciplinary field and an important component of the UPSC GS Environment and Ecology section.
Subdivision of Ecology: Ecology can be broadly divided into four subfields: organismal ecology, population ecology, community ecology, and ecosystem ecology. Organismal ecology studies the adaptations of individual organisms to their environment. Population ecology focuses on the dynamics of populations. Community ecology studies the interactions among different species within a community. Ecosystem ecology looks at the interactions between living and non-living components of an ecosystem. These subfields are important topics in the UPSC GS Environment and Ecology section.
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